Tasirin daYaƙin Duniyaakan tattalin arzikin duniya wani batu ne na nazari da muhawara a tsakanin masana tarihi da masana tattalin arziki baki daya. Manyan rikice-rikice biyu na ƙarni na 20—Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu—sun tsara ba kawai yanayin siyasa na al’ummai ba amma har da tsarin tattalin arziki da ke tafiyar da dangantakar ƙasashen duniya a yau. Fahimtar wannan tasirin yana da mahimmanci don fahimtar halin da tattalin arzikin duniya ke ciki. Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya (1914-1918) ya yi wani gagarumin sauyi a yanayin tattalin arzikin duniya. Yakin ya kai ga rugujewar dauloli da suka hada da na Austro-Hungary da kuma daular Usmaniyya, wanda ya haifar da bullowar sabbin kasashe. Yarjejeniyar Versailles a shekara ta 1919 ta sanya wa Jamus lada mai yawa, wanda ya haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali a Jamhuriyar Weimar.
Wannan rashin kwanciyar hankali ya ba da gudummawa ga hauhawar hauhawar farashin kayayyaki a farkon shekarun 1920, wanda ke da tasirin tasiri a duk faɗin Turai da duniya. Thetattalin arzikirikice-rikice na lokacin tsaka-tsakin ya kafa mataki na Babban Mawuyacin hali, wanda ya fara a 1929 kuma ya yi mummunar tasiri a kan cinikayya da aikin yi a duniya. Sakamakon tattalin arziki na Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya kuma ya haifar da sauye-sauye masu yawa a masana'antu da kasuwannin aiki. Kasashen da a baya suka dogara da noma sun fara bunkasa masana'antu cikin sauri don biyan bukatun yakin. Wannan sauyi ba wai kawai ya canza tattalin arziƙin ba har ma ya canza tsarin zamantakewa, yayin da mata suka shiga aiki cikin adadi da ba a taɓa gani ba. Yakin ya haifar da ci gaban fasaha, musamman a masana'antu da sufuri, wanda daga baya zai taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen farfado da tattalin arzikin karni na 20. Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu (1939-1945) ya ƙara tsananta waɗannan sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki. Ƙoƙarin yaƙin yana buƙatar tattara albarkatu masu yawa, wanda ya haifar da sabbin abubuwa a cikin dabarun samarwa da kafa tattalin arzikin lokacin yaƙi.
{Asar Amirka ta kasance mai ƙarfin tattalin arziki a duniya, bayan da ta ƙara yawan masana'antu don tallafa wa dakarun kawance. Bayan yakin ya ga aiwatar da shirin Marshall Plan, wanda ya ba da taimakon kudi don sake gina tattalin arzikin Turai. Wannan yunƙurin ba wai kawai ya taimaka wajen daidaita al'ummomin da yaƙi ya daidaita ba, har ma ya samar da haɗin kai da haɗin kai a fannin tattalin arziki, wanda ya aza harsashi ga Tarayyar Turai. Taron Bretton Woods a 1944 ya kafa sabon tsarin kuɗi na duniya, ƙirƙirar cibiyoyi kamar Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya (IMF) da Bankin Duniya. Wadannan cibiyoyi na da nufin inganta zaman lafiyar duniya da kuma hana irin tashe-tashen hankulan tattalin arziki da suka addabi shekarun da suka gabata. Ƙaddamar da ƙayyadaddun farashin musaya da dalar Amurka a matsayin kuɗin ajiyar kuɗi na farko a duniya ya sauƙaƙa kasuwanci da zuba jari a duniya, yana ƙara haɗakar da tattalin arzikin duniya.
Har yanzu ana iya jin tasirin yakin duniya kan manufofin tattalin arziki a yau. Darussan da aka koya daga tabarbarewar tattalin arziki a farkon karni na 20 sun tsara hanyoyin zamani na tsarin kasafin kudi da kudi. Gwamnatoci yanzu suna ba da fifiko ga kwanciyar hankali da haɓakar tattalin arziƙi, galibi suna amfani da matakan da ba su dace ba don rage tasirin koma bayan tattalin arziki. Haka kuma, yanayin yanayin siyasa da Yaƙin Duniya ya yi na ci gaba da yin tasiri ga dangantakar tattalin arziki. Haɓakar tattalin arziƙin ƙasashe masu tasowa, musamman a Asiya, ya kawo sauyi ga ma'auni a harkokin kasuwancin duniya. Kasashe kamar China da Indiya sun zama masu taka rawa a tattalin arzikin duniya, inda suke kalubalantar mamayar kasashen yammacin duniya da suka yi nasara a yakin duniya.
A ƙarshe, tasirin yakin duniya akan tattalin arzikin duniya yana da girma kuma yana da yawa. Tun daga rugujewar dauloli da bullowar sabbin kasashe zuwa kafa cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi na kasa da kasa, wadannan rikice-rikicen sun bar tabo maras gogewa a tsarin tattalin arziki da manufofinsu. Yayin da duniya ke ci gaba da gudanar da kalubalolin tattalin arziki masu sarkakiya, fahimtar wannan mahallin tarihi na da matukar muhimmanci wajen samar da ci gaba mai dorewa da hadin gwiwa a cikin tattalin arzikin duniya mai alaka da juna.
Lokacin aikawa: Oktoba-08-2024